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Arctic and Atlantic Oceans Receive Reprieve from Drilling

By on November 20, 2016 in Conservation, In the News

Alaska Maritime NWR

ANCHORAGE, AK/NEW YORK, NY – November 18,2016 – Today, the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) announced it will remove the Arctic and Atlantic oceans from the offshore leasing program for the next five years, 2017-2022. This move spares crucial wildlife habitats, including the Arctic’s Barrow Canyon, Harrison Bay, and Smith Bay, from new leasing activities.

“Hitting the pause button on offshore drilling in the Arctic and the Atlantic is exactly the right thing to do,” said David Yarnold, president and CEO of the National Audubon Society. “Offshore drilling is a dirty and dangerous business, and removing the Arctic and Atlantic oceans from the offshore leasing plan gives everyone time to think hard about how well water and oil mix. The Obama Administration understands that the productivity of our oceans is jeopardized when we drill in the wrong places. We should be thinking first about protecting ocean life and quickly moving to cleaner sources of energy”

There are ten globally-significant Important Bird Areas, supporting millions of birds, in the Arctic Ocean and along its shoreline in the Chukchi and Beaufort seas lease areas. The Chukchi and Beaufort seas are also home to polar bears, walrus, four species of ice seals, and several species of whales.

“The Arctic Ocean contains vital ecological areas that are critical for the survival of many birds and wildlife species,” said Nils Warnock, Executive Director for Audubon Alaska. “This prudent Five-Year Program prevents new leasing in this crucial habitat at a time of unprecedented ecological change in the Arctic.”

Offshore from Barrow, the farthest north community in the US, Barrow Canyon is a hotspot of biodiversity. The seafloor drops suddenly, creating an underwater canyon. When the cold, nutrient-rich Arctic Current encounters this barrier, it rises to create a fertile upwelling of foods consumed by many types of larger marine animals, such as bowhead and beluga whales.

In the shallow waters of Harrison Bay, millions of birds congregate to take advantage of the rich aquatic foodweb. The Colville River is Alaska’s largest Arctic river, and the nutrient supply from the Colville combines with shallow water of Harrison Bay, resulting in higher productivity than other areas nearshore in the Beaufort Sea. The sheltered waters support a remarkable diversity of bird species of concern, from Artic Terns to Yellow-billed Loons, from Surf Scoters to King Eiders. Harrison Bay harbors a substantial abundance, as well as diversity, of seabirds and seaducks.

Smith Bay, another vital ecological area in the Arctic Ocean, is also well known for its bird life. Several rivers flow into Smith Bay, where a ring of barrier islands shelters shallow waters from the greater Beaufort Sea. Smith Bay is adjacent to the Teshekpuk Lake area, a known ecological hotspot for molting and nesting shorebirds and waterfowl. These birds also forage along the nearby coasts and marine waters. Birds such as Pomarine Jaegers, Red Phalaropes, shearwaters, and Thick-billed Murres rely on these areas; feeding bowhead whales use these waters in the summer and fall; and ice edges provide foraging and maternal denning habitat for polar bears.

“Removing the Arctic Ocean from the Five-Year Program is a tangible first step toward alleviating the pressures of oil spills and climate change on these most important Arctic marine areas,” said Warnock.

The Proposed Final Program now goes to Congress for a 60-day period, before BOEM registers the final Record of Decision.

More Information

The Vital Arctic Ocean Areas Storymap highlights ecologically important areas, told through articles written by Arctic field biologists and researchers

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Since 1977, Audubon Alaska’s mission is to conserve the spectacular natural ecosystems of the state, focusing on birds, other wildlife, and their habitats, for the benefit and enjoyment of current and future generations. Audubon Alaska uses science to identify conservation priorities and support conservation actions and policies, with an emphasis on public lands and waters. Audubon Alaska is a state office of the National Audubon Society. www.AudubonAlaska.org

CONTACTS:

Susan Culliney, Policy Associate, Audubon Alaska, sculliney@audubon.org, 907-276-7034

Nick Gonzalez, Media Relations Manager, National Audubon Society, ngonzalez@audubon.org, 212-979-3068

Bird Vacation Season is Now

By on August 27, 2016 in BirdWords
Vermillion Flycatcher

Vermillion Flycatcher Photo By Larry Jordan – Click on photos for full sized images

Winter is not yet chasing birds southward, but it’s late summer, and the nesting season is pretty much done. This is slack time, a time to relax, to vacation. For empty-nesters and fledglings of many species, this is a time to go traveling.

Where do they go? Bird-watching field guides have long offered range maps, showing winter ranges and summer ranges in different colors. Now, with more data informing the range maps, a variety of colors and dotted lines try to illustrate normal migration routes.

But some birds just aren’t routine. They travel outside the lines.

In biology, these wanderers are known as vagrants. Because they fly, birds are particularly capable of vagrancy, and this can make for pleasant surprises in local parks and ponds.

Vagrants often are young birds who, having strayed from their species’ tried and true, may stay in a strange land for a long time. Black Scoters, for instance, are ocean ducks that nest along the north and west coasts of Alaska. In 2011-12 a young Black Scoter lived at Turtle Bay East and Kutras Lake for a full year.

Black Scoter Photo By Peter Massas

Black Scoter Photo By Peter Massas

Sometimes illness or injury can send a bird awry. In 1991, a Laysan Albatross, which normally soars far and wide over the Pacific Ocean and nests in Hawaii or the Philippines, turned up at Whiskeytown Lake. The bird had had some run-in with people, however. It had a dab of red paint on its forehead, and died days after arriving.

Laysan Albatross Photo By Peter Massas

Laysan Albatross Photo By Peter Massas

Storms may blow birds off course, or sometimes their magnetic sense of north seems to get reversed. Or some birds just seem to wander more than others. Indigo buntings—yes, they’re a deep purple-blue—nest in the eastern US and winter in Central America and Cuba, but we have had visits to Whiskeytown Lake and to the Clear Creek Water Treatment Plant. The Water Treatment Plant also hosted a 2013 September stop by a wayward Buff-breasted Sandpiper, which normally flies down the Mississippi River from its Arctic Ocean nest to its winter home in Argentina.

Buff-breasted Sandpiper

Buff-breasted Sandpiper Photo By Mario Suarez

Also in 2013 a Black-capped Chickadee, common all along the Canadian border and down to the mountains north and west of us, showed up at a Redding backyard feeder.

Black-capped Chickadee

Black-capped Chickadee Photo By Mdf

The flame-brilliant Vermilion Flycatcher lives in South America and up to as far north as Southern California, but this past winter one spent a few weeks at the Maxwell Cemetery, with his own bright plumage complementing the cut flowers there.

Vermillion Flycatcher

Vermillion Flycatcher Photo By Larry Jordan

Tufted ducks—paddlers with jazzy fifties-style ponytails–normally live in Japan and the Koreas, but one visited Redding in 2006. Another colorful traveler from east Asia, a Falcated Duck, has wintered at the Colusa Wildlife Refuge in four of the last six years, attracting a small horde of humans in its wake.

Falcated Duck

Falcated Duck Photo By Larry Jordan

Vagrancy in birds comes with both benefits and risks. Among the benefits, vagrants may help mix genes among separate populations, enriching the genetic health of the species. If they establish themselves in a new area, they expand their species’ range, supporting a new area’s vitality with a robust and stabilizing diversity.

On the negative side, vagrants may spread disease such as West Nile virus, or otherwise threaten existing species, as common ravens are certain to do by preying on nestlings as they expand into the Far North.

But for bird-watchers, vagrants are mostly a treat, a chance to witness the variety of life’s beauties here in our own neighborhood.

Jaybirds—Thieves and Oak-farmers

By on July 27, 2016 in BirdWords
Western Scrub-Jay

Western Scrub-Jay

Common as dirt and all around us, anyone who sets foot outdoors must have seen the Western Scrub Jay, boldly sitting atop the highest tree, scolding raucously, or flying with an acorn in its beak. Sometimes mistakenly called “Blue Jay”—that’s its cousin east of the Rocky Mountains who sports a perky blue crest—the Western Scrub Jay is a foot-long crestless jay with blue on head, wings and tail, a pale brownish-gray back, and a gray-white throat.

The male and female form a long-term pair bond and raise 3 to 6 young per year in a nest built of sticks. Rather than picking sticks up off the ground, I have seen them break sticks off a tree, often discarding any that don’t meet their standards.

Although the diet of the Western Scrub Jay includes fruit, seeds, insects, small animals (and it does rob nests), its mainstay is acorns which it often buries in the ground for consumption later, a practice called caching.

I watched a jay stick an acorn into the soft soil of the front of my vegetable garden. Immediately, another jay showed up and swiped the acorn and buried it in back in a tomato cage. Then jay number 3 flew in after the same acorn, but was chased off by the second jay.

Similar lunchtime observations of jays’ thieving by a research scientist at UC Davis led her to an investigation in the lab. She found that individuals that stole food from other jays’ caches spent much more time moving and reburying the same piece of food than non-thieves did. So, thieves suspect that everybody else is a thief, too.

Acorn Woodpeckers, who cooperatively make their own caches, or “granaries,” of acorns in holes in trees, are also on to the tendency of Western Scrub Jays to steal nuts. The woodpeckers always have a member of their group on guard and if a jay comes near, the woodpeckers go into noisy “red alert,” and several fly in to chase the potential raider away.

Another ramification of Western Scrub Jays’ and related species’ habit of caching acorns relates to their importance in the scrub oak woodlands.  Of course, the birds never find all the acorns that they’ve buried and many remain to sprout into oak seedlings.

Researchers recorded that the related Blue Jay cached significant numbers of acorns – 50 jays cached 150,000 acorns in 4 weeks, leading to speculations that the swift extension of oak forests as the ice retreated at the end of the last ice age was due to the activity of the jays.

A botanist looked at this more closely. He superimposed a map of the world-wide distribution of oaks upon a map of the occurrence of acorn-caching jays of various species and found that no oaks were found where there were no jays, although the jays survived in areas without oaks. His conclusion was that oak forests are entirely dependent upon jays for their reproductive survival. So, our local feathered rascal has an important job to do for our oak forests!

Western Scrub Jays are common in our neighborhoods and woodlands, so watching them in action takes little more than patience and curiosity.

Green Herons: Flying Footballs

By on May 30, 2016 in BirdWords

Green Heron

Green Heron (Butorides virescens) Hunting

Herons and egrets are some of our most elegant birds, standing regally or stepping slowly, with ballet precision and pointed intent. Indeed, it was the egrets’ showy white plumes that, hunted for use on fashionable ladies’ hats, helped spark the formation of the Audubon Society in 1905.

But the Green Heron is a scrappier member of the tribe. Low to the ground, darker, smaller, the bird is less striking than its cousins. But this time of year you may spot what looks like a football with wings flapping overhead as a green heron moves between riverbank and lakeside.

The birds are not so colorless as they likely appear to the unaided eye. A view with binoculars will reveal this little heron’s green umber back and crown, its rusty breast and cheeks, and frog-yellow legs and lores—the area between the eye and bill.

When looking for food, green herons typically huddle motionless at water’s edge, scanning for a minnow, snail, or other small animal that might make a meal. Their skulls hold their eyes with a downward slant, providing the binocular vision of hunters and directing their gaze where they want it, on the surface below.

Green Heron

Sometimes these little herons fish more actively: they use bait! Like just a few of their relatives, green herons have been observed repeatedly dropping insects, worms, or bread crumbs into the water and then snatching the small fish that are drawn in. Sometimes they even fish with their version of artificial lures—feathers or plant material. It is unknown whether this particular skill is genetically inherited, culturally learned, or individually discovered.

Each spring, following their optional migration, green herons court with wing-flapping and bill-clacking. The male chooses a nest site, either in a green heron neighborhood or in a more isolated spot, and either in a tree or on the ground. He coaxes his mate with various heron dance moves, including swaying back and forth with his bill pointed skyward. Then he typically frames their nest with a collection of thin sticks. He continues to bring sticks, but the female takes over their placement to meet her standards—which vary from flimsy to substantial.

Green Heron

Green Heron Nestlings Feeding

She lays about four pale green-bluish eggs, which both parents incubate for about three weeks. The helpless hatchlings rely completely on their parents, who feed them by regurgitation. After several weeks of such fare, the young begin to catch their own food.

Green herons live near quiet waters from the northern arc of South America up through Mexico and, in the summer, up into Vancouver. East of the Mississippi they nest throughout the States, but are declining there, probably due to loss of wetlands. The California population is thriving, and in the Redding area green herons are common during the breeding season and can be spotted occasionally even in the winter.

Nesting Season Showcases Variety in Bird Homes

By on May 8, 2016 in BirdWords

Bank Swallows

Mama bank swallow and her chick gaze out over the Sacramento River from their cliff-bank burrow – photo courtesy of David Bogener

Spring is in the air and birds are in the creative construction business. The homes they build, where they will lay and incubate their eggs and raise their young, come in many styles, shapes, and sizes.

The simplest is almost nothing – a mere scrape on the ground such as the Killdeer use—and is abandoned as soon as the eggs hatch and the precocious babies follow their parents and pick up their own food. More complicated is the floating platform, such as the rafts that Pied-billed Grebes construct on local ponds, allowing these swimmers to live their entire lives without ever setting foot on land.

Simple elevated nests are the familiar cups that many songbirds such as the beloved American Robin build in bushes and trees. A robin’s sturdy home is formed with twigs, then cemented with mud– so if you see a female robin with mud on her chest you can bet that her nest is nearby. Robin babies hatch blind, naked, and helpless, so she lines the nest with grass to make a soft cradle for the nestlings in the weeks that their parents fly food to them. Even after the young fledge, the parents continue to feed them for some time.

Bird nests are unique to each species, so the builder of an old abandoned nest can often be identified by the materials, size, placement, and other construction features of the nest. There’s no confusing the tiny, dainty hummingbird’s nest, woven of moss and spider webs, with the massive stick-built home of the Bald Eagle! I once observed a Bald Eagle in Seattle land on a sizeable tree branch and keep on flying, snapping the branch and heading off toward the nest the pair was constructing – no picking up old sticks from the ground for this mighty bird!

Many birds are cavity nesters, using holes in trees that they have chiseled out themselves or reused after the original makers have moved on. All of the woodpeckers excavate their own cavities, although sometimes even they will start housekeeping in a provided nesting box.

To a certain extent we can select nesting box tenants by sizing the hole in the birdhouse. Entrances up to 1 ¼ inch round will admit wrens, titmice, and nuthatches. Bluebirds and tree swallows will use 1 ½ inch doorways. Larger holes will invite the nonnative European starlings, and so are not advised.

Unusual cavity nesters are the Belted Kingfishers, who dig long tunnels in river banks to house their eggs and chicks, and the Bank Swallows, who seem to use their burrows in courtship. The males dig two foot tunnels into a riverbank cliff, and the females check the sites out before selecting a package deal of mate and burrow. Their cousins, the Northern Rough-winged Swallows, will similarly burrow or can be seen nesting in the weep-holes of the concrete Bella Vista water intake downstream from the Sundial Bridge.

The master architects of the local bird world build complex nests such as the hanging basket of the Bullock’s Oriole. The Bushtit builds a woven construction more like a long sock with a tiny entrance hole up above the ankle. When the parent birds come to feed their chicks, the sock does the shimmy as the babies eagerly take their meal.

So, enjoy the season and the beauty of its diverse lives and homes! With your eyes open maybe you will see a bird carrying a piece of material to line its nest, and you’ll know that parent birds are preparing to raise their young ones!

Article by Linda Aldrich