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Small Hawks Arriving for Winter

By on September 30, 2022 in BirdWords

Sharp-shinned Hawk

The raptors are coming, the raptors are coming!

Fall is upon us, and migration is in full swing.  The cliff swallows and orioles were moving in July, with warblers and vireos on their heels. Now, as their exodus southward continues, look for birds that have nested north of us to arrive. One of our winter residents, down from nesting in mountain conifers and Canada’s boreal forest, is the sharp-shinned hawk.

Raptors are birds of prey. Among the many North American raptors–eagles, hawks, falcons, etc.–the sharp-shinned is the smallest in the group called accipiters, stealth hunters that prey mainly on birds in fairly dense woods. They are well adapted to that habitat and lifestyle. Let’s start with their eyes.

Sharp-shinned Hawk Close

Sharp-shinned hawks, or “sharpies,” have the front-facing eyes typical of vertebrate predators. That positioning creates a blind spot behind, but allows two eyes to focus forward–the binocular vision that supports depth perception and successful hunting. Relative to our eyes, the hawks have about eight times as many rods and cones, providing their innate version of HD viewing. Further, where our eyes each have one fovea, or focal point, sharpie optical nerve endings are arranged to form two foveae–a central one that can focus on a fleeing bird and a peripheral one that can help the hawk avoid crashing into branches.

Forest hunting has also helped design sharpie body form. Their short, round wings sacrifice the soaring ability of larger hawks but gain mobility and quick acceleration for sudden attacks. Their long tails serve as rudders for abrupt maneuvering through forest obstacles.

One of the sharpie’s hunting styles is to perch low and explode upon an unsuspecting sparrow that happens by. If you see this small hawk perched, you may be able to observe its yellow, pencil-thin legs and fluffy white feathers under the base of the tail. Adults have red eyes, a slate-gray cap and back, gray-barred tail, and cinnamon-red barring on the breast. Juveniles have yellow eyes and are generally mottled brown, with thick streaks on the breast.

Sharp-Shinned Hawk in Flight courtesy Tom Murray

Sharpies also hunt by cruising low through brush and trees and, with sudden acceleration, pouncing on a potential meal. If you see this, it’s hard to discern more than a dark blur rushing by.

They hide their nests below the canopy in their forest homes, and tucked against a trunk. The female incubates her handful of eggs for a month. The male brings in food for the hatchlings, and later, the female, half again larger than the male, brings in larger prey to feed the growing chicks. The young will fledge at about a month old, and must develop their coordination and skills before striking out on their own and facing their first winter.

Sharpies are often seen at windy passes and peaks during migration. Perhaps their wings, so good for forest navigation but not for distance flying, benefit from the Earth’s corridors of air.

Through the winter they have no nests to hide and are less committed to being in forests. They can be found in suburbs and will frequently visit bird feeders, providing a twist on the definition of “bird feeding,” and generally stirring a mix of dismay and intrigue in their human neighbors.

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Bird With A Shiny Robe

By on August 27, 2022 in BirdWords

Phainopepla Male by David Bogener

Some birds just won’t do without a little pzzazz in their doing. Phainopeplas are among them, tip to tail.

They are slight birds, the length of a pencil, and nearly as much tail as anything else. But their eyes are cranberry red, and their heads sport flashy crests, erect feathers reminiscent of a Greek soldier’s helmet decor or a contemporary hairstyle.

And their feathers! Known as “silky flycatchers,” these birds paddle the air powerfully, but somehow retain a soft, fluttery quality to their wingbeats. In color, the females wear the gray-brown of nesting camouflage. Males, by contrast, wear glossy black, broken only by white wing patches that flash in flight. Their feathers earn the species its name. “Phainopepla” comes from the Greek for “shiny robe.”

Phainopepla Female by David Bogener

Despite their haute couture getup, the males are no slouches in domestic duties. They begin in winter, by selecting a nesting site, usually 10-20 feet up a tree in mistletoe. Then they dance in the air high above it, hoping to impress a female by fluttering, diving, and flashing their wing patches. They entice the females with ritual feeding of berries or insects. Once a pair forms, the male builds a tidy, palm-sized nest, woven together with spider silk and lined with hair or feathers. She may add some lining, and then lays 2-3 eggs.

The pair share two weeks of incubating duties, and typically do not leave the nest until replaced by a mate. After the eggs hatch, both parents care for the young through fledging at about three weeks old.

Like most songbirds, phainopeplas feed their children insects, providing a high protein diet that lets the young develop quickly. For themselves, however, they eat mostly berries, and mistletoe is a particular favorite. Although toxic to us, mistletoe berries pass through the phainopeplas’ digestive tracts quickly, imparting no poison but also little nutrition. The birds make up for the quality of the berries with quantity, eating up to 1100 mistletoe berries a day. In defecating those berries they help spread mistletoe to new growing sites.

Mistletoe

Food may or may not shape human culture, but it seems central to phainopepla society. Mistletoe clumps provide both food and nesting-site cover. Egg-laying appears to be timed with its berry-ripening. Where mistletoe is scarce, a pair will defend its mistletoe turf, chasing off other phainopeplas. Where mistletoe is abundant, many phainopeplas may nest colonially, sharing the resource and chasing off invaders such as bluebirds, which also eat mistletoe, and scrub-jays, which eat eggs and nestlings.

The guidebooks indicate that phainopeplas migrate south from their northernmost range, here in Shasta County, but they have been found in the area year-round. Mistletoe is abundant in the blue oak woodlands, and even outside breeding season makes a good place to find these birds. Look just above mistletoe clumps for a slender, upright phainopepla guarding its food source. A thriving population of the birds was recently observed south of the Redding Airport at Fairway Oaks Mobile Home Park and the adjoining Tucker Oaks Golf Course.

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Songster of the Conifers–beautiful but invisible?

By on July 31, 2022 in BirdWords
Red-breasted Nuthatch

Red-breasted Nuthatch

If you have entered the world of the conifers above the Central Valley, or throughout most of North America for that matter, you stand a good chance of having heard an ongoing, nasal ankh, ankh, ankh, ankh. It is the song of the red-breasted nuthatches, elfin birds of our pines and firs.

 

They are harder to see than hear; they don’t seem shy, but they are small, and much of their living happens far over our heads. Nuthatches are built for prying insects from the bark of trees. Their bill is slightly dished up and stout enough to shovel bugs from crevice hide-aways. Their shoulders are broad, relatively speaking, and provide the heft to wield their strong bills. Their long hind toe is used, uniquely in the bird world, to hold them in place while they hunt face-down on a tree trunk or branch. Their tails are stiff, allowing them to prop against a tree as they pound against it.

And what do they pound? In addition to picking insects from cracks in tree trunks, these nuthatches gather seeds from cones at branch-tips. They often wedge hard pine-nuts into crannies in the bark and then crack them open with hammer blows from their bills. Also, these versatile gymnasts, like woodpeckers, carve out their own cavities for nesting. No fools, they prefer the softer wood of dead limbs and snags for their home-building.

Males often begin several nesting holes as part of their courting. A female takes over and shapes the chosen cavity to her liking, taking about two weeks to complete the excavation. Both adults apply sap to the hole entrance–he on the exterior, she on the interior. The tiny nuthatches dive right through the hole without getting gummed up, but predators, from owls to ants, can be deterred by the sticky goo.

He begins feeding the female, and she lays a handful of eggs in their nest. The young hatch, naked and blind, after two weeks of incubation. Another two weeks and, having been fed and protected by both parents, the young fledge into the world.

There, if you enter that world of the conifers, you may be able to see them. A little luck and a decent pair of binoculars will let you enjoy the red-breasted nuthatch’s gray-blue back, chestnut underside, and black eyeline under a white eyebrow. Otherwise, at least you may enjoy their ubiquitous song–ankh, ankh, ankh…

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Red-winged Blackbirds: Tule Tycoons

By on May 29, 2022 in BirdWords

Red-winged Blackbird Male

Nearly anywhere in the US, and throughout most of North America, pick your springtime pond or marsh or ditch–any place with a stand of tules or cattails–and you are apt to see and hear red-winged blackbirds. The males perch boldly atop the reeds, their glossy black feathers adorned with large scarlet epaulets, usually fringed in yellow. They sing loudly, a pond-side staple often transcribed as conk-la-ree!

Throughout the winter they congregated in numbers that can reach into the millions, and created in the sky the flowing flocks that have been joined to grand and fluid classical music. Now, come spring, they spread over the nation’s shallow waters and ephemeral cattail patches, bring out their bright feathers, and unleash their song.

The males stake out their breeding territory with both vocals and aggressive policing, vigorously chasing encroaching males for much of each day. Successful males end up sprinkled over their reed-patch perhaps thirty feet apart. Each will breed with a handful of females, sometimes as many as fifteen, who will nest in his territory. For all his energy, however, they do not limit their breeding to this local lord of the manor. Studies indicate that 25%-50% of the young in his fiefdom are sired by different males–either a nearby turf-holder or some landless bird.

The local males marshal to drive off potential predators who wander too close to their nesting grounds, creating vigorous sorties that are thorough-going even if not always discerning. Objects of their harassment regularly include hawks, crows, cats, people, and even horses–anything, it seems of known danger or suspect unfamiliarity.

Red-winged Blackbird Female

For their part, the females maintain a lower profile. Their feathers are brown, with undersides heavily streaked. They build a cup nest low in the reeds, and there they incubate and feed 2-4 young birds, bringing hatchlings from blind and naked to flying in two weeks.

Being widespread, red-winged blackbirds have regional variation in their size and looks. Interestingly, when eggs are relocated to “foreign” variants, the young grow substantially into the forms of their adoptive parents. Regarding these in-species variations, environment seems to affect the growing birds more than their genetics.

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What’s the buzz? Could be a Chipping Sparrow

By on May 1, 2022 in BirdWords

Chipping Sparrow courtesy David Bogener

Quick! They’re passing through just now, so this is the time: check your feeders, walk your woodlands! The cutest little sparrows of North America are dressed up and on the move!

They’ve been in their winter browns, south of us and down into Mexico. But now the chipping sparrows have donned their red caps and broad white eyebrows. They are flocking up the Sacramento Valley and will nest in the mountains above us and northward far into Canada.

Look in the grasses among the oaks. Like other sparrows, “chippers” have the short, hefty bills designed for eating grass and weed seeds. But look in the trees, too. Insects are hatching out, and traveling sparrows are eager to load up on that high-protein fare.

And listen! Often traveling in small groups the birds keep in touch with one another and tune up for the breeding grounds with their song, a distinctive reedy trill on a single pitch.

A male will use that trill to stake out a breeding turf, usually in an open conifer forest. There he will vigorously chase off encroaching males–just as he will be chased from neighboring territories. Neither males nor females seem finicky about fidelity.

They are attentive parents, however. The female builds the nest, usually on or near the ground. It is a flimsy thing of grasses and soft fibers; it only needs to last about twenty-four days from eggs to fledging–even though the young hatch naked, blind, and weighing just one twentieth of an ounce. After a good start with the first fledglings the male typically continues to tend them while the female starts a second nest.

Chipping sparrows are common in their habitat from coast to coast, and number among the continent’s most numerous species, with population estimates up to 230 million. Still, they are not immune to changes in the world. Like other birds, their numbers have declined by about a third over the last fifty years, and now, like other birds, they are expected to be shifted northward.

There they will meet boreal forests that are being heavily logged for paper products. Efforts to keep the northern forests intact for chipping sparrows, numerous other feathered and furred creatures, and climate stability include consumer information about paper product sourcing. Our purchases impact these birds! Of widely available toilet paper, paper towels, and facial tissue, products from Green Forest consistently get high marks for their high recycled content. A substantial paper-product scorecard is available with an internet search of NRDC’s “The Issue with Tissue.”

Keep their nesting grounds intact, and look today for this red-capped cutie trilling buzzily as it passes through your neighborhood!  It’s a spring treat!

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